In the modern world there is the understanding that the pace and directions of the scientific and technological development are important remedies in the struggle for social and economic prosperity; achieving competitive advantage in national and international markets; ensuring national security. The role of new technologies is especially important in ensuring the sustainability of economic growth, determined by the quality of economic performance, in which formation of the decisive role belongs to the intensive factors of development: research and development, as well as an innovation, which are embodied in the new products and technologies. The article analyzes the experience of scientific and technological development of a number of developing countries, which have established the effective national innovation systems. The paper considers the specificity of the development of such systems in the United States, Japan and Europe, where innovation mechanisms have been transformed from the means of the solution of certain socio-economic objectives into a key factor of social development. The experience of the structural changes testifies that the maximum effect they bring in the conditions of the best combination of market forces and leverages with an active organizational influence of the State. Among the most important measures, which are aimed at accelerating an economic growth, the authors discriminate the micro-economic measures, which encompass the protection of property rights, maintaining the stable political environment and ensuring an international integration through the free trade policies. The results show that the formation of the favorable innovation climate requires consideration of the degree of the development of institutional structure and legal system of market economy. Since the innovation process is carried along the general rules of the market, the key role in it is played by the commercialization of the development and dissemination of innovations, as well as the well-defined property rights on such a specific item as knowledge, information, description of technological processes and samples, etc. in all its limits on the path from the developer to the consumer. The authors arrive at conclusion that the scientific-technological and innovation development should be developed and implemented in keeping with the long-term and effective science and industrial policy of the State. This requires a review of the views on the role of science in the modern Russian society and their restructuring taking into account the trends of the world economy and the characteristics of the domestic economy.
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