Subject The historical experience of the development of the region allows not only to draw parallels with modernity, but also take into account specific territorial features. It can serve as a base for advanced studies. The article examines the problem of the need to rethink the role of the regions as independent actors in international relations. Objectives The article aims to identify the promising lines of innovative socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation using the materials of the Kaluga oblast, and generalize the positive practices to popularize them in regions of the Russian Federation. Methods For the study, we used the method of historical and economic analysis, monographic method, statistical analysis method, calculation and constructive methods, etc. Results We have analyzed the regional innovation system of the Kaluga oblast, that leads to the oblast's transition from inertia to an innovative way of development, even under the today's variance terms. The system takes into account foreign investment, and it eliminates the imperfection and inefficiency of its individual parts. Conclusions and Relevance Building an effective innovation system in the region is to be ensured by the following elements: legal and regulatory framework, development of innovation infrastructure, stuffing the innovation industries with highly qualified personnel. The analysis of the Kaluga oblast's development at the present stage and approaches to optimization of fiscal policy may be of interest to other regions of the country.
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