Yugai T.A.Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics (MESI), Moscow, Russian Federation tatianayugay@ya.ru
Importance The paper provides a comprehensive and retrospective analysis of the fight against corruption in Italy and Russia from times of the Roman Empire and ancient Russia to the current days. Objectives The research pursuesdeveloping a conceptual framework for studying corruption as a worldwide social pathology, which represents a significant threat to the national security of all States. The research also presents a comprehensive overview on the most important NGO coordinating anti-corruption efforts of member States and their instruments, as well as, the role of Italy and Russia as members of The Council of Europe's Group of State against Corruption (GRECO) and Transparency International. We analyze corruption retrospectively from ancient Russia and the USSR to modern Russia. Methods The paper comprehensively reviews the notion of corruption in accordance with the most relevant sociological theories. We present two guidelines the contemporary sociological theories should follow, to construe the notion of corruption. First, the diachronic analysis starting from the ancient Greek and Roman legislation to the modern anti-corruption legislation. Second, the synchronic overview of the most important non-governmental organizations, which provide the main anti-corruption methodology and instruments. Conclusions and Relevance Based on interdisciplinary sociological, economic and legal approaches, we outline a broad retrospective and international panorama of the fight against corruption and analyze the main legal anti-corruption provisions, which were developed in the Roman Empire and ancient Russia, as well as, in modern Italy and Russia. We conclude that the fight against corruption should be conducted simultaneously in political, economical and social spheres since the corruption is deeply rooted in the relationship of the government and business and has a multifaceted and ramified character.
Analiz protsessov privatizatsii gosudarstvennoi sobstvennosti v Rossiiskoi Federatsii za period 1993–2003 gg. (ekspertno-analiticheskoe meropriyatie). Rukovoditel' rabochei gruppy – Predsedatel' Schetnoi palaty Rossiiskoi Federatsii S.V. Stepashin [The analysis of the State property privatization processes in the Russian Federation within the period from 1993 to 2003 (expert and analytical activities). Sergei Stepashin, the Chairman of the Chamber of Accounts of the Russian Federation, is the leader of the working group]. Moscow, Olita Publ., 2004, 186 p.
Vernadskii G.V. Istoriya Rossii. Mongoly i Rus' [The History of Russia. The Mongols and Russia]. Moscow, Tver, LEAN, Agraf Publ., 1997, 480 p.
Zakonodatel'stvo perioda obrazovaniya i ukrepleniya russkogo tsentralizovannogo gosudarstva. Rossiiskoe zakonodatel'stvo X–XX vv. T. 2 [Legislation in the period of originating and strengthening of the Russian centralized State. The Russian legislation of the 10th to 11th centuries. Volume 2]. Moscow, Yuridicheskaya literatura Publ., 1985, 520 p.
Zubov V.E. Korruptsiya v srede rossiiskogo chinovnichestva: istoricheskie korni i osobennosti [Corruption among the Russian officials: historical roots and features]. Available at: Link. (In Russ.)
Indeks vospriyatiya korruptsii – 2014: otsenka Rossii upala na odin ball [The 2014 Corruption perceptions index: Russia loses one point]. Available at: Link. (In Russ.)
Klyuchevskii V.O. Terminologiya russkoi istorii. Soch. v 9 t. T. 4 [Terminology of the Russian history. Works in nine volumes. Volume 4]. Moscow, Pravda Publ., 1989, 180 p.
Kuzovkov Yu.V. Mirovaya istoriya korruptsii [World history of corruption]. Moscow, Anima-Press Publ., 2010, 137 p.
Man'kov A.G. Ulozhenie 1649 g. Kodeks feodal'nogo prava Rossii [The Sobornoye ulozheniye of 1649. The code of the Russian feudal law]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1980, 273 p.
Otkrytye byudzhety preobrazuyut zhizn’. Obzor otkrytosti byudzheta za 2012 g. Mezhdunarodnoe byudzhetnoe partnerstvo, 2012 [Open budgets transform lives. An overview of transparency of the 2012 budget, International Budget Partnership, 2012]. Available at: Link. (In Russ.)
Serov D.O. Fiskal'skaya sluzhba Rossii: zigzagi istoricheskogo puti (1711–1729 gg.) [The fiscal service of Russia: historical twists and turns (1711–1729)]. Available at: Link. (In Russ.)
Third Evaluation Round. Compliance Report of the Russian Federation with GRECO RC-II (2014) 1E. Available at: Link1_Russia_RU.pdf. (In Russ.)
The Law on penal sanctions and corrective punishment. The corpus of laws of the Russian Empire. Available at: Link. (In Russ.)
Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' Brokgauza i Efrona [The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]. St. Petersburg, F.A. Brokgauz and I.A. Efron Publ., 1890–1907, vol. 16, pp. 266–267.
Åslund A. How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. Second edition. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013, 436 p.
Caferra V.M. Il sistema della corruzione. Le ragioni, i soggetti, i luoghi. Roma-Bari, G. Laterza & Figli, 1992, 205 p.
Cazzola F. Corruzione. In Enciclopedia delle Scienze Sociali. Roma, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana G. Traccani, Marchesi grafiche editoriali S.p.a, 1992, vol. 2, pp. 481–487.
Cazzola F. Della corruzione. Fisiologia e patologia di un sistema politico. Bologna, Società Editrice Il Mulino, 1988, 167 p.
Corruzione e democrazia. Sette paesi a confronto. Ed. by D. Della Porta, Y. Mény. Napoli, Liguori Editore, 1995, 268 p.
Della Porta D., Vannucci A. Corruzione politica e amministrazione pubblica. Risorse, meccanismi, attori. Bologna, Società Editrice Il Mulino, 1994, 514 p.
Fiandaca G., Musco E. Diritto Penale. Parte speciale. Quinta edizione. Bologna, Zanichelli Editore, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 218–244.
Mirri M.B. Corruzione. In Enciclopedia Giuridica. Roma, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca Dello Stato, 1991, vol. 9, pp. 1–12.
Russia's Road to Corruption. How the Clinton Administration Exported Government Instead of Free Enterprise and Failed the Russian People. Available at: Link.
Sapelli G. Cleptocrazia. Il meccanismo unico della corruzione tra economia e politica. Milano, Feltrinelli, 1994, 164 p.
Stiglitz J. Globalization and its Discontents. New York, London, W.W. Norton & Company, 2002, 282 p.
