Subject. The use of the term "dollarization" in the scientific literature on economics. Objectives. Identification and systematization of terminological ambiguity in the use of the term "dollarization" in the English-language economic literature, as well as in scientific articles in Russian and Turkish. Methods. Context analysis is applied. We analyzed not only academic publications, but also examples of the use of this term in the materials of leading English-language news agencies, as well as its definitions presented in popular online dictionaries, which made it possible to assess the degree of dissemination and persistence of ambiguous interpretations in various types of sources. To verify the spread of this problem beyond the English language, the study includes a comparative analysis of the meanings of the term in economic works in Russian and Turkish. Results. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of many competing definitions of the term "dollarization" in the English-language literature, some of which conceptually diverge and in some cases come into direct conflict with each other. The analysis shows the presence of similar patterns of terminological ambiguity in scientific articles in Russian and Turkish. Conclusions. As a possible solution to the identified problem, it is proposed to adhere to the principle of strict differentiation of types of dollarization in scientific papers (for example, "storing savings in banks in US dollars" is the dollarization of deposits, not just dollarization). Another important step is the formation of a formalized mechanism for agreeing on dollarization terminology. Solving this problem requires an integrated and institutional approach from the scientific community, including academic journals, universities and research centers, which can contribute to the development and consolidation of uniform terminological standards. The proposed approach can be adapted to identify and reduce terminological ambiguity not only in economics, but also in other fields of scientific knowledge.
Resche C. Equivocal economic terms or terminology revisited. Meta, 2000, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 158–173. DOI: 10.7202/003940ar
Solarz M.W. "Third World": the 60th anniversary of a concept that changed history. Third World Quarterly, 2012, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1561–1573. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2012.720828
Cox O.C. Estates, social classes, and political classes. American Sociological Review, 1945, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 464–469. DOI: 10.2307/2086160
Chaplygin A.E. [The class division of society and the structural positions of the middle class]. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Povolzhskii region. Obshchestvennye nauki, 2011, no. 4, pp. 72–78. (In Russ.) EDN: OPVPOP
Deroy O. The ethics of terminology: Can we use human terms to describe AI? Topoi, 2023, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 881–889. DOI: 10.1007/s11245-023-09934-1
Placani A. Anthropomorphism in AI: hype and fallacy. AI and Ethics, 2024, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 691–698. DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00419-4 EDN: ECSYPA
Rosyanova T.S. Colorative Challenges in English Economic Terminology. Research in Language, 2020, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 343–357. DOI: 10.18778/1731-7533.18.3.06 EDN: AIBZSF
Talbott M.M., Lee J. Ambiguous Terminology: A Challenge in Teaching Social Science Research Methods and Statistics. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2020, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 519–527. URL: Link
Chalenko A.Yu. [On the conceptual uncertainty of the term "mechanism" in economic research]. Ekonomika promyshlennosti, 2010, no. 3, pp. 26–33. (In Russ.) EDN: OIAWEB
Irkova A.V. [Evaluation of methods for analyzing semantic ambiguity of vocabulary and text]. Yurislingvistika, 2025, no. 35, pp. 111–117. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.14258/leglin(2025)3517 EDN: FFDJDZ
Garifullin K.M. [Capital: the concept and problems of accounting]. Vse dlya bukhgaltera, 2013, no. 6, pp. 18–20. (In Russ.) EDN: RPSUXB
Blinova O.V., Belov S.A. [Linguistic ambiguity and vagueness in Russian legal texts]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo, 2020, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 774–812. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21638/spbu14.2020.401 EDN: MLZZNK
Dowding K., Bosworth W. Ambiguity and vagueness in political terminology: On coding and referential imprecision. European Journal of Political Theory, 2018, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 335–354. DOI: 10.1177/1474885118771256
Gordin M.D. Focus: Linguistic hegemony and the history of science: Introduction: Hegemonic languages and science. Isis, 2017, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 606–611. URL: Link
Nafziger E.W. From Seers to Sen: The Meaning of Economic Development. In: Mavrotas G., Shorrocks A. (eds) Advancing Development. Studies in Development Economics and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2007. DOI: 10.1057/9780230801462_316
Harris N., Delanty G. What is capitalism? Toward a working definition. Social Science Information, 2023, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 323–344. DOI: 10.1177/05390184231203878 EDN: EQDESD
Backhouse R.E., Medema S.G. Retrospectives: On the definition of economics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2009, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 221–233. DOI: 10.1257/jep.23.1.221 EDN: YDIMCJ
Felber H. In Memory of Eugen Wüster, Founder of the General Theory of Terminology. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 1980, vol. 23, pp. 7–14. URL: Link
Sageder D. Terminology today: a science, an art or a practice? Some aspects on terminology and its development. Brno Studies in English, 2010, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 123–134. URL: Link
Frankenhuis W.E., Panchanathan K., Smaldino P.E. Strategic ambiguity in the social sciences. Social Psychological Bulletin, 2023, vol. 18, pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.32872/spb.9923 EDN: AVLBSC
Sterner B. Explaining ambiguity in scientific language. Synthese, 2022, vol. 200, no. 354. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-022-03792-x EDN: SOUGED
Eichengreen B., Kawai M. Renminbi internationalization: Achievements, prospects, and challenges. Washington, DC, Brookings Institution Press, 2015, 385 p.
Feige E.L. Dynamics of currency substitution, asset substitution and de facto dollarisation and euroisation in transition countries. Comparative Economic Studies, 2003, vol. 45, pp. 358–383. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.ces.8100019
Winkler A., Mazzaferro F., Nerlich C., Thimann C. Official Dollarisation/Euroisation: Motives, Features and Policy Implications of Current Cases. ECB Occasional Paper No. 11. European Central Bank, 2004. URL: Link
Bajrami F. The impact of dollarisation on economic growth, investment, and trade. IES Working Paper No. 27, 2023. URL: Link
Ponsot J.-F. Économie politique de la dollarisation. Mondes en développement, 2019, vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 51–68. DOI: 10.3917/med.188.0051
Vernengo M. Monetary Integration and Dollarization. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006, 320 p.
Fujiki H., Otani A. Do Currency Regimes Matter in the 21st Century? An Overview. Monetary and Economic Studies, 2002, vol. 20, no. S1, pp. 47–79. URL: Link
Winkelried D., Castillo P. Dollarization persistence and individual heterogeneity. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2010, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1596–1618. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.05.001
Ibietonye B., Girigiri B.W. The Security Implications of Dollarisation of the Nigeria Economy by the Political Elites. Journal of Peace Studies and Practice, 2023, vol. 2023, no. 12, pp. 94–105. URL: Link
Orellana M., Mendieta R., Rodríguez S.P. et al. The business cycle in Ecuador: an analysis of stylised facts before and after dollarisation. Global Business and Economics Review, 2023, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 298–317. DOI: 10.1504/gber.2023.130009 EDN: GPAYAD
Goswami T., Sardana V., Singhania S. The global shift in monetary sovereignty: A systematic literature review of de-dollarization using the TCCM framework. Financial Internet Quarterly, 2025, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 45–61. DOI: 10.2478/fiqf-2025-0018 EDN: LJCEMC
Hakim A. The global inflation cycle and the dollarisation system with the interlink with commodities: an application of the Bayesian network analysis. International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics, Inderscience Enterprises, 2025, vol. 15, no. 1/2, pp. 94–115. DOI: 10.1504/IJCEE.2025.145012
Feige E. L., Faulend M., Sonje V., Sosic V. Unofficial dollarization in Latin America: Currency substitution, network externalities, and irreversibility. In: The Dollarization Debate. Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 46–72. DOI:10.1093/0195155351.003.0003
Norrlof C. Dollar hegemony: A power analysis. Review of International Political Economy, 2014, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1042–1070. DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2014.895773
Ize A. Financial Dollarization. In: The Evidence and Impact of Financial Globalization. Academic Press, 2013, pp. 463–479.
Karras G. The prospect of dollarization: Are the Americas an optimum currency area? In: Aspects of Globalisation: Macroeconomic and Capital Market Linkages in the Integrated World Economy. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, pp. 183–199. URL: Link
Zoryan H. The measurement of co-circulation of currencies and dollarization in the Republic of Armenia. European Journal of Comparative Economics, 2005, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 41–65. URL: Link
Chuvakhina L.G. [US Federal Reserve Policy on dollarization of the world economy]. Gorizonty ekonomiki, 2019, no. 1, pp. 74–79. (In Russ.) EDN: YZPRYD
Oleinov A. [On the prospect of establishing a fixed exchange rate between the dollar and the euro]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2006, no. 6, pp. 35–46. DOI: 10.32609/0042-8736-2006-6-35-46 EDN: JVIYMP
Semenov S.K. [Money: dollarization as an inflationary factor]. Finansy i kredit, 2007, no. 30, pp. 47–51. (In Russ.) EDN: IANBMP
Ivaev M.I., Korolev A.A., Fandikova I.V. [Dollarization of Argentina as the beginning of a full-scale economic and political expansion of the United States in the countries of South America]. Ekonomicheskie otnosheniya, 2023, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 861–872. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18334/eo.13.4.119521 EDN: QWKQJM
Kuramaeva E.D., Myrzakhmatova Zh.B. [Dollarization: causes and solutions to the problem]. Evraziiskoe Nauchnoe Ob''edinenie, 2021, no. 3-3, pp. 214–218. (In Russ.) EDN: HQIVEY
Shokirova F.F. [Dollarization and vulnerability of the Turkish economy in the context of relations with the United States of America]. Molodoi uchenyi, 2025, no. 31, pp. 100–104. (In Russ.) EDN: BTOPRV
Akylbekova N.I., Abdieva A.I., Kuramaeva E.D. [Dollarization and its impact on the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic]. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoi ekonomiki, 2025, no. 3, pp. 19–25. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.34755/IROK.2025.29.62.006 EDN: QQFEXK
Putevskaya A.S. [Currency substitution in the history of the Turkish economy from the 80s to the present]. Teoriya i praktika sovremennoi nauki, 2016, no. 6-2, pp. 629–632. (In Russ.) EDN: WKRPFF
Künç S., Tutgun S. Türkiye'de Dolarizasyon Eğiliminin Ampirik Olarak İncelenmesi. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 2023, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1198–1213. DOI: 10.26677/TR1010.2023.1277
Sadeghzadeh Emsen H. Dolarizasyon ve Borsa İlişkileri: Türkiye Üzerine İncelemeler. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 2022, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 29–48. URL: Link
Özer M.O. Türkiye'de dolarizasyonun belirleyicileri. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2022, vol. 14, no. 26, pp. 105–117. DOI: 10.38155/ksbd.1068713 EDN: UINPQP
Yildiz N.Ç., İçellioğlu C.Ş., Tuna E. Türkiye'de dolarizasyonun dinamik markov rejim değişim modeli ile analizi. Mali Cözüm Dergisi, 2022, vol. 32, pp. 171–197. URL: Link
Özen A. Dolarizasyon olgusu: Teorik bir inceleme ve Türkiye örneği. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2018, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.101–113. DOI: 10.30784/epfad.416391
Giovannini A., Turtelboom B. Currency substitution. NBER Working Paper No. 4232, 1992. DOI: 10.3386/w4232
Calvo G., Végh Gramont C.A. Currency Substitution in Developing Countries: An Introduction. IMF Working Paper No. 1992/040, 1992, 32 p. DOI: 10.5089/9781451845884.001
Hay C. Real dollarization in Phnom Penh, Evidence from two surveys. Japan and the World Economy, 2021, vol. 60, no. 101102. DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101102
Thornton J., Vasilakis S. Full Dollarisation and Economic Performance Revisited. International Journal of Finance & Economics, December 2025, pp. 1–18. DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.70124
Resche C. Equivocal economic terms or terminology revisited. Meta, 2000, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 158–173. DOI: 10.7202/003940ar
Solarz M.W. "Third World": the 60th anniversary of a concept that changed history. Third World Quarterly, 2012, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1561–1573. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2012.720828
Cox O.C. Estates, social classes, and political classes. American Sociological Review, 1945, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 464–469. DOI: 10.2307/2086160
Chaplygin A.E. [The class division of society and the structural positions of the middle class]. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Povolzhskii region. Obshchestvennye nauki, 2011, no. 4, pp. 72–78. (In Russ.) EDN: OPVPOP
Deroy O. The ethics of terminology: Can we use human terms to describe AI? Topoi, 2023, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 881–889. DOI: 10.1007/s11245-023-09934-1
Placani A. Anthropomorphism in AI: hype and fallacy. AI and Ethics, 2024, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 691–698. DOI: 10.1007/s43681-024-00419-4 EDN: ECSYPA
Rosyanova T.S. Colorative Challenges in English Economic Terminology. Research in Language, 2020, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 343–357. DOI: 10.18778/1731-7533.18.3.06 EDN: AIBZSF
Talbott M.M., Lee J. Ambiguous Terminology: A Challenge in Teaching Social Science Research Methods and Statistics. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2020, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 519–527. URL: Link
Chalenko A.Yu. [On the conceptual uncertainty of the term "mechanism" in economic research]. Ekonomika promyshlennosti, 2010, no. 3, pp. 26–33. (In Russ.) EDN: OIAWEB
Irkova A.V. [Evaluation of methods for analyzing semantic ambiguity of vocabulary and text]. Yurislingvistika, 2025, no. 35, pp. 111–117. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.14258/leglin(2025)3517 EDN: FFDJDZ
Garifullin K.M. [Capital: the concept and problems of accounting]. Vse dlya bukhgaltera, 2013, no. 6, pp. 18–20. (In Russ.) EDN: RPSUXB
Blinova O.V., Belov S.A. [Linguistic ambiguity and vagueness in Russian legal texts]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo, 2020, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 774–812. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21638/spbu14.2020.401 EDN: MLZZNK
Dowding K., Bosworth W. Ambiguity and vagueness in political terminology: On coding and referential imprecision. European Journal of Political Theory, 2018, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 335–354. DOI: 10.1177/1474885118771256
Gordin M.D. Focus: Linguistic hegemony and the history of science: Introduction: Hegemonic languages and science. Isis, 2017, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 606–611. URL: Link
Nafziger E.W. From Seers to Sen: The Meaning of Economic Development. In: Mavrotas G., Shorrocks A. (eds) Advancing Development. Studies in Development Economics and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2007. DOI: 10.1057/9780230801462_316
Harris N., Delanty G. What is capitalism? Toward a working definition. Social Science Information, 2023, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 323–344. DOI: 10.1177/05390184231203878 EDN: EQDESD
Backhouse R.E., Medema S.G. Retrospectives: On the definition of economics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2009, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 221–233. DOI: 10.1257/jep.23.1.221 EDN: YDIMCJ
Felber H. In Memory of Eugen Wüster, Founder of the General Theory of Terminology. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 1980, vol. 23, pp. 7–14. URL: Link
Sageder D. Terminology today: a science, an art or a practice? Some aspects on terminology and its development. Brno Studies in English, 2010, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 123–134. URL: Link
Frankenhuis W.E., Panchanathan K., Smaldino P.E. Strategic ambiguity in the social sciences. Social Psychological Bulletin, 2023, vol. 18, pp. 1–25. DOI: 10.32872/spb.9923 EDN: AVLBSC
Sterner B. Explaining ambiguity in scientific language. Synthese, 2022, vol. 200, no. 354. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-022-03792-x EDN: SOUGED
Eichengreen B., Kawai M. Renminbi internationalization: Achievements, prospects, and challenges. Washington, DC, Brookings Institution Press, 2015, 385 p.
Feige E.L. Dynamics of currency substitution, asset substitution and de facto dollarisation and euroisation in transition countries. Comparative Economic Studies, 2003, vol. 45, pp. 358–383. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.ces.8100019
Winkler A., Mazzaferro F., Nerlich C., Thimann C. Official Dollarisation/Euroisation: Motives, Features and Policy Implications of Current Cases. ECB Occasional Paper No. 11. European Central Bank, 2004. URL: Link
Bajrami F. The impact of dollarisation on economic growth, investment, and trade. IES Working Paper No. 27, 2023. URL: Link
Ponsot J.-F. Économie politique de la dollarisation. Mondes en développement, 2019, vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 51–68. DOI: 10.3917/med.188.0051
Vernengo M. Monetary Integration and Dollarization. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006, 320 p.
Fujiki H., Otani A. Do Currency Regimes Matter in the 21st Century? An Overview. Monetary and Economic Studies, 2002, vol. 20, no. S1, pp. 47–79. URL: Link
Winkelried D., Castillo P. Dollarization persistence and individual heterogeneity. Journal of International Money and Finance, 2010, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1596–1618. DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.05.001
Ibietonye B., Girigiri B.W. The Security Implications of Dollarisation of the Nigeria Economy by the Political Elites. Journal of Peace Studies and Practice, 2023, vol. 2023, no. 12, pp. 94–105. URL: Link
Orellana M., Mendieta R., Rodríguez S.P. et al. The business cycle in Ecuador: an analysis of stylised facts before and after dollarisation. Global Business and Economics Review, 2023, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 298–317. DOI: 10.1504/gber.2023.130009 EDN: GPAYAD
Goswami T., Sardana V., Singhania S. The global shift in monetary sovereignty: A systematic literature review of de-dollarization using the TCCM framework. Financial Internet Quarterly, 2025, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 45–61. DOI: 10.2478/fiqf-2025-0018 EDN: LJCEMC
Hakim A. The global inflation cycle and the dollarisation system with the interlink with commodities: an application of the Bayesian network analysis. International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics, Inderscience Enterprises, 2025, vol. 15, no. 1/2, pp. 94–115. DOI: 10.1504/IJCEE.2025.145012
Feige E. L., Faulend M., Sonje V., Sosic V. Unofficial dollarization in Latin America: Currency substitution, network externalities, and irreversibility. In: The Dollarization Debate. Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 46–72. DOI:10.1093/0195155351.003.0003
Norrlof C. Dollar hegemony: A power analysis. Review of International Political Economy, 2014, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1042–1070. DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2014.895773
Ize A. Financial Dollarization. In: The Evidence and Impact of Financial Globalization. Academic Press, 2013, pp. 463–479.
Karras G. The prospect of dollarization: Are the Americas an optimum currency area? In: Aspects of Globalisation: Macroeconomic and Capital Market Linkages in the Integrated World Economy. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, pp. 183–199. URL: Link
Zoryan H. The measurement of co-circulation of currencies and dollarization in the Republic of Armenia. European Journal of Comparative Economics, 2005, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 41–65. URL: Link
Chuvakhina L.G. [US Federal Reserve Policy on dollarization of the world economy]. Gorizonty ekonomiki, 2019, no. 1, pp. 74–79. (In Russ.) EDN: YZPRYD
Oleinov A. [On the prospect of establishing a fixed exchange rate between the dollar and the euro]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2006, no. 6, pp. 35–46. DOI: 10.32609/0042-8736-2006-6-35-46 EDN: JVIYMP
Semenov S.K. [Money: dollarization as an inflationary factor]. Finansy i kredit, 2007, no. 30, pp. 47–51. (In Russ.) EDN: IANBMP
Ivaev M.I., Korolev A.A., Fandikova I.V. [Dollarization of Argentina as the beginning of a full-scale economic and political expansion of the United States in the countries of South America]. Ekonomicheskie otnosheniya, 2023, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 861–872. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18334/eo.13.4.119521 EDN: QWKQJM
Kuramaeva E.D., Myrzakhmatova Zh.B. [Dollarization: causes and solutions to the problem]. Evraziiskoe Nauchnoe Ob''edinenie, 2021, no. 3-3, pp. 214–218. (In Russ.) EDN: HQIVEY
Shokirova F.F. [Dollarization and vulnerability of the Turkish economy in the context of relations with the United States of America]. Molodoi uchenyi, 2025, no. 31, pp. 100–104. (In Russ.) EDN: BTOPRV
Akylbekova N.I., Abdieva A.I., Kuramaeva E.D. [Dollarization and its impact on the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic]. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoi ekonomiki, 2025, no. 3, pp. 19–25. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.34755/IROK.2025.29.62.006 EDN: QQFEXK
Putevskaya A.S. [Currency substitution in the history of the Turkish economy from the 80s to the present]. Teoriya i praktika sovremennoi nauki, 2016, no. 6-2, pp. 629–632. (In Russ.) EDN: WKRPFF
Künç S., Tutgun S. Türkiye'de Dolarizasyon Eğiliminin Ampirik Olarak İncelenmesi. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 2023, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1198–1213. DOI: 10.26677/TR1010.2023.1277
Sadeghzadeh Emsen H. Dolarizasyon ve Borsa İlişkileri: Türkiye Üzerine İncelemeler. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 2022, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 29–48. URL: Link
Özer M.O. Türkiye'de dolarizasyonun belirleyicileri. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2022, vol. 14, no. 26, pp. 105–117. DOI: 10.38155/ksbd.1068713 EDN: UINPQP
Yildiz N.Ç., İçellioğlu C.Ş., Tuna E. Türkiye'de dolarizasyonun dinamik markov rejim değişim modeli ile analizi. Mali Cözüm Dergisi, 2022, vol. 32, pp. 171–197. URL: Link
Özen A. Dolarizasyon olgusu: Teorik bir inceleme ve Türkiye örneği. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2018, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.101–113. DOI: 10.30784/epfad.416391
Giovannini A., Turtelboom B. Currency substitution. NBER Working Paper No. 4232, 1992. DOI: 10.3386/w4232
Calvo G., Végh Gramont C.A. Currency Substitution in Developing Countries: An Introduction. IMF Working Paper No. 1992/040, 1992, 32 p. DOI: 10.5089/9781451845884.001
Hay C. Real dollarization in Phnom Penh, Evidence from two surveys. Japan and the World Economy, 2021, vol. 60, no. 101102. DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2021.101102
Thornton J., Vasilakis S. Full Dollarisation and Economic Performance Revisited. International Journal of Finance & Economics, December 2025, pp. 1–18. DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.70124
