Importance Currently is is very reasonable and timely to examine care for preschoolers as a factor of demographic behavior and security in Russia, considering that women’s employment and birth rates are mutually related in developed countries. Objectives The research reviews whether birth rates and demographic security can be increased by developing the system of preschool facilities. Methods Relying upon definitions of demographic security and proceedings of national and foreign experts, I reviewed approaches to studying preschooler care practices as a factor of demographic behavior. Based on data of the Russian State Statistics Service, I examined trends in the development of preschool facilities within 2005–2013. Results Child care was proved to considerably influence the birth rate. Therefore, higher birth rates require an active policy in this respect. Conclusions and Relevance It is necessary to smooth social contradictions and reserve certain vacant capacity for newcomers in the system of preschool facilities. It requires new preschool facilities, considering a probable change in their specialization, set up ancillary childcare institutions, enhance the prestige of childcare and improve the quality of social processes management.
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